Recent years have seen numerous cases related to conflicts of interest (COIs) in the business world. They have involved financial reporting, friends and family stock, Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, pharma, corporate boards, healthcare, national defense, and retail, among many other areas.

They have also been extensive in the nonprofit, for-profit, and public sectors. Indeed, COIs have existed on individual and organizational levels, with different considerations for each. (Note: some COIs are both individual and organizational in nature.)