uses mechanical, electrochemical, thermal, electrolysis, or other processes to convert and store electric energy that was generated at an earlier time for use at a later time;

uses mechanical, electrochemical, biochemical, or thermal processes to convert and store energy generated from mechanical processes that would otherwise be wasted, for delivery at a later time; or

stores energy in an electric, thermal, or gaseous state for direct use for heating or cooling at a later time in a manner that avoids the need to use electricity or other fuel sources at that later time, such as a grid-enabled water heater.

for large-scale commercial deployment;

for deployment at cost targets established by the Secretary;

for hourly and subhourly durations required to provide reliability services to the grid;

for daily durations, which have the capacity to discharge energy for a minimum of 6 hours;

for weekly or monthly durations, which have the capacity to discharge energy for 10 to 100 hours, at a minimum; and

for seasonal durations, which have the capability to address seasonal variations in supply and demand;

the sustainable and secure sourcing, reclamation, recycling, and disposal of energy storage systems, including critical minerals; and

the reuse and repurposing of energy storage system technologies;

reductions of civil works costs and construction times for hydropower and pumped storage systems, including comprehensive data and systems analysis of hydropower and pumped storage construction technologies and processes in order to identify areas for whole-system efficiency gains;

power and water supply systems;

electric generation portfolio optimization; and

expanded deployment of other renewable energy technologies, including in integrated energy storage systems;